Looking At The Issues Of Child Abuse Cases Social Work Essay Example

Looking At The Issues Of Child Abuse Cases Social Work Essay In making some research for my term paper on Family Dynamics and Child Abuse I found some interesting points that were truly oculus catching. In my paper I will be speaking about how maltreatment as a kid could take to adult household force, how smoke and intoxicant could take to child maltreatment, how emphasis could do child maltreatment, and how a one parent/two parent family, stepfamilies, and not biological parents drama a portion in kid maltreatment. Harmonizing to H.B Nichols and B.L Harlow they province that in 1998 the US Department of Health and Human Services reported that the figure of kids capable to childhood maltreatment exceeded 900,000 ( Nichols, 402 ) . They stated that the fact combined the cognition that on any given twenty-four hours 5,000 young persons experiment with smoke, it provides an inducement to understand the association of childhood maltreatment and smoke origin ( Nichols, 402 ) . They found that adult females who reported childhood maltreatment were significantly more likely to describe alcohol addiction, drug dependence, and in add-on to behavior physical wellness and psychological well-being are negatively affected by a history of kid maltreatment ( Nichols, 402 ) . Childhood inauspicious effects include, frequent caput and tummy achings, trouble sleeping, hapless assurance, depression, self-destructive ideas, and larning jobs ( Nichols, 402 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At The Issues Of Child Abuse Cases Social Work specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At The Issues Of Child Abuse Cases Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At The Issues Of Child Abuse Cases Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Harmonizing to old research childhood maltreatment is frequently combined with adolescent maltreatment, a debatable issue as adolescence by and large encompasses the age of smoke ( Nichols, 402 ) . In old probes they found that it is strongly suggested that early life maltreatment is a important forecaster of smoking induction, more carefully assessed exposure ( Nichols, 402 ) . They found that the experience of maltreatment in the absence of fright of maltreatment was of boundary line as a forecaster of smoke ( Nichols, 404 ) . The concluding consequence was that increased smoke hazard was preponderantly associated with experience, instead than fright, of maltreatment, and mostly confined to sexual as compared with physical maltreatment ( Nichols, 404 ) . They observed that hazard of smoking among adult females who experienced both physical and sexual maltreatment, and a double hazard among adult females sexually abused during childhood after accommodation for faith, working categor y, and poorness ( Nichols, 404 ) . Harmonizing to Bente Haugland and the article of Recurrent Disruptions of Rituals and Routines in Families with Paternal Alcohol Abuse it stated that in old surveies it has indicated that parental intoxicant maltreatment disrupts household rites and modus operandis ( Storm, 225 ) . It is besides said that instability and capriciousness in household interaction contribute to maladjustment in kids of intoxicant maltreaters ( Storm, 225 ) . Harmonizing to household system theory, households have a inclination to keep established forms of behaviour in the face of alteration or hardship ( Storm, 226 ) . The degree of break of rites and modus operandis relates to parental imbibing may hence be an of import index of how alcohol maltreatment affects the household operation and could take to child maltreatment ( Storm, 226 ) . Keeping household rites and modus operandis has farther been related to better accommodations in kids in general, every bit good as kids of intoxicant mistreating paren ts during childhood and in grownup old ages ( Storm, 226 ) . In the article called Child Abuse and Interparental Violence leads to Adulthood Family Violence, they found that the rhythm of force postulates that victimized kids turn up to victimise others ( Heyman, 864 ) . There is copiousness of grounds and studies associating the commission of kid maltreatment and disregard with a childhood history of victimization ( Heyman, 864 ) . Harmonizing to Heyman there are 10 dealingss sharing the same nickname, but merely one to cover with kid maltreatment that leads to adulthood force which is that child victimization and exposure to interparental force lead to violent condemnable behaviour in maturity ( Heyman, 864 ) . When proving the hypothesis if child maltreatment leads to adulthood force they asked inquiries about being victimized by parent kid aggression, and each point being rated on the frequence graduated table ( Heyman, 866 ) . They found that the history of physical victimization in the household beginning was operationalized as a frequen ce greater than 0 on either the father-to-respondent or mother-to-respondent points ( Heyman, 866 ) . When asked inquiries about interparental force, each point was rated on the frequence graduated table and exposure to interparental force was operationalized as a frequence greater than 0 on either the father-to-mother or mother-to-father points ( Heyman, 866 ) . The consequences support the general rhythm of force hypothesis that household of origin force increases the hazard for maturity force ( Heyman, 868-69 ) . They found that adult females exposed to both interparental and parent kid force had significantly increased hazard for kid maltreatment commission and for spouse maltreatment commission and victimization ( Heyman, 869 ) . Work force exposed to both signifiers, instead than one signifier of household of origin force had dual the hazard of maltreatment victimization ( Heyman, 869 ) . In the research they found that for work forces one important chief consequence increased hazard for child ill-treatment, and that being the exposure to beget to fuss force in the household be ginning ( Heyman, 869 ) . In the research they found that for adult females the chief consequence being exposure to fuss child force increased hazard of spouse abuse victimization ( Heyman, 869 ) . The consequences of the proving indicated the importance of both physical victimization and exposure to interparental force in understanding the rhythm of force ( Heyman, 870 ) . Harmonizing to Richard Gelles, he states that kid maltreaters and abused kids were among the missing individuals of official statistics and societal problem/social policy literature prior to the late sixtiess instead than being entirely absent from the societal scene ( Gelles, 135 ) . The selective inattention to the job of maltreatment led to one of the more permeant myths about kid maltreatment, that is, that maltreatment is a much more widespread job today than it was historically ( Gelles, 135 ) . All indicants lead to the decision that physically opprobrious Acts of the Apostless arise out of typical antecedent conditions ( Gelles, 136 ) . It is said that an initial premise is that there is no nonsubjective behaviour which can automatically be recognized as kid maltreatment and in many cases of physical hurt of a kid ; there is no clear cut admittance of guilt or lawfully valid grounds of guilt available to the other parties ( Gelles, 137 ) . Child Abuse is considered aberrant because it has been defined as such in society and an person is abused or abuser because an audience or labeler has labeled an act inappropriate ( Gelles, 137 ) . Harmonizing to Gelles, kid maltreatment is the impression that person who physically beats or injures a kid is someway mentally disturbed or sick ( Gelles, 138 ) . Although there is strong grounds that contradicts such a place the sheer doggedness of the psychopathic attack to child maltreatment indicates that the theory of the kid maltreater as ill must be carry throughing some societal map ( Gelles, 138 ) . Parents who abuse are characterized by an inability to command aggression, and the inability to command aggression is determined merely after the parent displays it by crushing the kid ( Gelles, 138 ) . Harmonizing to Gelles it is said that some of the societal factors which are related to child maltreatment are unemployment, isolation, and unwanted gestation ( 138 ) . Child maltreatm ent is non equally distributed across the societal construction, but instead is more frequent in the lower parts of the societal ladder ( Gelles, 138 ) . It appears that the female parent is most likely to be the maltreater of the kid than any other grownup ( Gelles, 139 ) . There have been two chief factors that abuse arises from. The first is structural emphasis ( Gelles, 139 ) . The association between low income, instruction and occupational position and kid maltreatment, the findings that abuse occurs more often in larger households, indicates that a cardinal causal factor in kid maltreatment is unequal ( Gelles, 139 ) . The 2nd factor is the cultural norm refering force and force toward kids ( Gelles, 139 ) . In America it is said that kid maltreatment is possibly more common than is love ( Gelles, 139 ) . In an in-depth interview with 80 household members revealed that 96 % of the parents hit their kids, and 45 % of the sample hit their kids on a regular basis ( Gelles, 139 ) . With this happening it is said to state that force towards kids is culturally acceptable and even culturally mandated ( Gelles, 139 ) . Harmonizing to Jennifer Lansford and her survey she stated she examined associations between different household constructions ( 840 ) . It is found that kids in divorced and remarried households encounter more abuse so kids who live with both parents or with merely one parent ( Lansford, 842 ) . There has been grounds that stepparents navigate equivocal insider-outsider functions within new household signifiers and that parent kid relationships in households without two biological parents are characterized by greater distance and more struggle, which leads to more maltreatment ( Lansford, 842 ) . Harmonizing to Gelles and Harrop in a different article called The Hazard of Abusive Violence among Children with Non-genetic Caretakers they province that stepparents are thought to be at higher hazard for mistreating their kids is eventful ( Gelles, 78 ) . They province that If being a stepparent is considered a hazard factor, so stepparents who present to clinicians with injured kids are preferentially susceptible to be labeled opprobrious ( Gelles, 78 ) . In research that was done it is reported by official studies that 13.6 % of kid maltreatment was by stepparents ( Gelles, 78 ) . Stepfathers constituted about a 3rd of the male parents or male parent replacements who were involved as culprits of kid maltreatment ( Gelles, 78 ) . It was found that kids in places with stepparents were much more likely to be abused than kids who lived with both natural parents ( Gelles, 78 ) . It was said that kindergartners were 40 times likely to go abused than like elderly kids populating with two natural parents ( Gelles, 78 ) . The information on the hazard of maltreatment by stepparents can be criticized on methodological evidences ( Gelles, 79 ) . Clinicians expect that non-genetic parents are more likely to mistreat kids and with that hurt to kids with non-genetic parents are more likely to be diagnosed and reported as maltreatment ( Gelles, 79 ) . On the other manus divorce rates and force towards kids are higher among the hapless, and therefore the disproportional Numberss of non-genetic parents reported for kid maltreatment may be a map of income and non household composing ( Gelles, 79 ) . Another determination was that kids are disproportionately abused in stepparent families because grownups with by and large violent temperaments are likelier to see matrimonial dissolutions and so to happen themselves in reconstituted households ( Gelles, 79 ) . In an article called Child Abuse in Stepfamilies by Jean Giles-Sims and David Finkelhor, they say that kid maltreaters implicated untraditional type household constructions, including the individual parent household and the stepfamily ( Sims, 407 ) . He found that a big sum of maltreatment by stepfathers, which was found that a 3rd of the male parents or male parent replacements who were involved as culprits of kid maltreatment ( Sims, 407 ) . It is said that bulk of kid maltreatment is unreported to governments or professionals ( Sims, 407 ) . In the National Incidence Study findings reported show the per centum of stepparents and natural parents identified as maltreatment culprits by type of maltreatment ( Sims, 407 ) . It showed that maltreatment by stepfathers was 15 % , by the male parent it was 45 % , by the stepmother it was 3 % and by the female parent it was 66 % ( Sims, 407 ) . If stepparents were more likely to mistreat their kids than natural parents, about 10 % of steppa rents would be identified as maltreaters ( Sims, 408 ) . There are kids who have stepparents with whom they do non populate with but are still abused by them ( Sims, 408 ) . They found that stepfathers would stem from the overrepresentation of stepparents among lower socio economic groups and that the bulk of child maltreatment studies come from the lower socio-economic groups ( Sims, 409 ) . It was said that any investing by the parent in an single progeny that increases the progeny s opportunity of lasting at the cost of the parents ability to put in other offspring ( Sims, 409 ) . They besides said that stepparents have lesser investing in and hence are more likely to mistreat non-biological kids, because those kids do non transport their cistrons ( Sims, 409 ) . In the article The Contribution of Stress to Child Abuse, by Richard Barth and Betty Blythe they found great significance of the relationship between emphasis and maltreatment ( Barth, 477 ) . Although emphasis contributes to child maltreatment, the precise connexion remains unsure ( Barth, 477 ) . They found that an early preparation of the emphasis and kid maltreatment relationship suggests that opprobrious behaviour is unleashed by symbolic or concrete incidents perceived as nerve-racking grownups who are susceptible to mistreat from unequal upbringings ( Barth, 478 ) . Contemporary emphasis theory provides support for a phenomenological account of emphasis in kid maltreatment ( Barth, 478 ) . They suggest that isolated situational crises allow a individual clip to mobilise resources and therefore circumvent unprompted action ( Barth, 479 ) . Life crises on the other manus could put the basis for kid maltreatment ( Barth, 480 ) . Harmonizing to an article The Economic Environment of Child Abuse it is said that hapless kids are more likely than non-poor kids to be abused ( Kruttschnitt, 299 ) . It is found from official informations that indicate kid maltreatment instances are disproportionately drawn from low income households ( Kruttschnitt, 299 ) . Harmonizing to a study they found that maltreatment were more likely to be serious or fatal among households who had the lowest one-year incomes ( Kruttschnitt, 299 ) . Many kids who are hapless now will travel out of poorness within one or two old ages, while others will stay hapless for most of their lives ( Kruttschnitt, 300 ) . These fluctuations in poverty history may be related to fluctuations in the badness and the reoccurrence of maltreatment ( Kruttschnitt, 300 ) . Harmonizing to Marian Marion she states that societal situational position, i.e. , that kid maltreatment has multiple causes, some that exist within and some that exist outside the household system ( Marion, 575 ) . She found that intrapersonal life situational and cultural factors contribute to child maltreatment ( Marion, 575 ) . Life situational forces are environmental factors that contribute to household emphasis, which leads to child maltreatment ( Marion, 575 ) . Cultural forces are besides considered precursors of kid maltreatment and non cognizing the development capablenesss and restrictions of kids may take some parents to hold unrealistic outlooks of their kids ( Marion, 575 ) . Many grownups accidentally socialise kids into kid maltreatment by which patterning coercive subject that is learned and rehearsed and therefore has a outstanding topographic point in the kid s hierarchy of responses ( Marion, 577 ) . Marion states that because the root of much kid maltreatment is the credence of coercion as subject, a school based plan should besides include information on positive kid counsel ( 577 ) . Children s anxiousness symptoms were higher in those kids whose parents obtained higher abuse possible tonss and had harsher subject patterns ( Rodriguez, 809 ) . Children s depressive symptoms and some constituents of maladaptive attributional manner besides found in households with higher maltreatment potency ( Rodriguez, 809 ) . Child abuse frequently consequences from unintended escalation while administrating physical penalty for sensed kid evildoings ( Rodriguez, 809 ) . It was found that kids who are abused are more likely than not abused kids to show such features as oppositionality, behaviour jobs, depression, and fright, societal withdraw, and lower ego regard ( Rodriguez, 810 ) . Decision: In decision, there were many findings that could reply the inquiry of what household kineticss affect or cause child maltreatment. The research provided many replies about kid maltreatment and could assist find what the chief causes are that lead to child maltreatment. Like I mentioned before, kid maltreatment is a really serious issue and it happens on a day-to-day footing. Child maltreatment leads to all kinds of jobs as the kid gets older, some to include depression, anxiousness, fright, separation, and even self-destructive ideas. Majority of the clip kids who are being abused maintain quiet because they fear they will acquire in more problem or because they do nt desire to acquire the maltreater in problem. Child maltreatment needs to halt and it could halt if we as grownups or as people could halt forcing the issue to the dorsum of our heads and trade with the state of affairs. This subject is related to many current issues in today s universe. Child Abuse is a job in today s society and me being a Social and Behavior Major and a Social Work Minor, this issue of child maltreatment would assist me truly understand the state of affairs a little more. Learning and reading more of this issue helped me to open my eyes and be more sensitive to seeing the small marks that kids express in so many words.

Free Essays on Edward Bach

Edward Bach (1886-1936) was not a hypnotherapist and so his work is not well know in some hypnotherapy circles. Nevertheless, his philosophy is consistent with that of modern hypnotherapy and we have found that the flower remedies that he developed provide an excellent adjunct to hypnotherapy. Dr. Bach entered medical school in London in 1906 at the age of 20 and graduated five years later. He practiced conventional medicine from 1912 until 1919 when he joint the staff of the London Homeopathic Hospital as a pathologist and bacteriologist. Impressed with the work of Hahnemann, the father of homeopathic medicine, he developed seven nosodes from the seven types of bacteria that he had associated with chronic illness. At the same time he noted that patients with the seven different types of intestinal bacterial pathogens exhibited particular personality types or temperaments. He began to prescribe his nosodes solely by observing the patients’ personality types and temperaments. Bach did not like using pathogen-based nosodes and began to use herbs and plants in place of intestinal bacteria in homeopathic remedies. After using flowers as the basis for developing several homeopathic remedies he sold his medical practice and in 1930, at the age of 43, he left London for the English countryside. Over the course of the next six years he developed 38 flower remedies (discussed below) and the more well know Rescue Remedy. Dr. Bach died at the age of 50 in 1936. Dr. Bach’s Philosophy Dr. Bach’s philosophy about healing and life are set forth in his short book, Heal Thyself. The crux of his philosophy is summarized in two statements: â€Å"The main reason for the failure of modern medical science is that it is dealing with results and not causes . . . Disease is in essence the result of conflict between Soul and Mind, and will never be eradicated except by spiritual and mental effort.† (Centre, 1997, 9-10) As hypnot... Free Essays on Edward Bach Free Essays on Edward Bach Edward Bach (1886-1936) was not a hypnotherapist and so his work is not well know in some hypnotherapy circles. Nevertheless, his philosophy is consistent with that of modern hypnotherapy and we have found that the flower remedies that he developed provide an excellent adjunct to hypnotherapy. Dr. Bach entered medical school in London in 1906 at the age of 20 and graduated five years later. He practiced conventional medicine from 1912 until 1919 when he joint the staff of the London Homeopathic Hospital as a pathologist and bacteriologist. Impressed with the work of Hahnemann, the father of homeopathic medicine, he developed seven nosodes from the seven types of bacteria that he had associated with chronic illness. At the same time he noted that patients with the seven different types of intestinal bacterial pathogens exhibited particular personality types or temperaments. He began to prescribe his nosodes solely by observing the patients’ personality types and temperaments. Bach did not like using pathogen-based nosodes and began to use herbs and plants in place of intestinal bacteria in homeopathic remedies. After using flowers as the basis for developing several homeopathic remedies he sold his medical practice and in 1930, at the age of 43, he left London for the English countryside. Over the course of the next six years he developed 38 flower remedies (discussed below) and the more well know Rescue Remedy. Dr. Bach died at the age of 50 in 1936. Dr. Bach’s Philosophy Dr. Bach’s philosophy about healing and life are set forth in his short book, Heal Thyself. The crux of his philosophy is summarized in two statements: â€Å"The main reason for the failure of modern medical science is that it is dealing with results and not causes . . . Disease is in essence the result of conflict between Soul and Mind, and will never be eradicated except by spiritual and mental effort.† (Centre, 1997, 9-10) As hypnot...

Three Different Elements of a Crime

Three Different Elements of a Crime In the United States, there are specific elements of a crime that the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt in order to obtain a conviction. The  three specific elements (with exception) that define a crime which the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt in order to obtain a conviction: (1) that a crime has actually occurred  (actus reus), (2) that the accused intended the crime to happen (mens rea)  and (3) and concurrence of the two meaning there is a timely relationship between the first two factors. Example of the Three Elements in Context Jeff is upset with his ex-girlfriend, Mary, for ending their relationship. He goes to look for her and spots her having dinner with another man named Bill. He decides to get even with Mary by setting her apartment on fire. Jeff goes to Marys apartment and lets himself in, using a key that Mary has asked for him to give back on several occasions. He then places several newspapers on the kitchen floor and sets them on fire. Just as he is leaving, Mary and Bill enter the apartment. Jeff runs off and Mary and Bill are able to quickly put out the fire. The fire did not cause any real damage, however Jeff is arrested and charged with attempted arson. The prosecution must prove that a crime occurred, that Jeff intended for the crime to occur, and concurrence for attempted arson. Understanding Actus Reus Criminal act, or actus reus, is generally defined as a criminal act that was the result of voluntary bodily movement. A criminal act can also occur when a defendant fails to act (also known as omission). A criminal act must occur because people cannot be legally punished because of their thoughts or intentions. Also, referencing the Eighth Amendment Ban on Cruel and Unusual Punishment, crimes cannot be defined by status.   Examples of involuntary acts, as described by the Model Penal Code, include: A reflex or convulsion;A bodily movement during unconsciousness or sleep;Conduct during hypnosis or resulting from hypnotic suggestion;A bodily movement that otherwise is not a product of the effort or determination of the actor, either conscious or habitual.   Example of an Involuntary Act Jules Lowe of Manchester, England, was arrested and charged with the murder of his 83-year-old father Edward Lowe was brutally beaten and found dead in his driveway. During the trial, Lowe admitted to killing his father, but because he suffered from sleepwalking (also known as automatism), he did not remember committing the act.   Lowe, who shared a house with his father, had a history of sleepwalking, had never been known to show any violence towards his father and had an excellent relationship with his father. Defense lawyers also had Lowe tested by sleep experts who provided testimony at his trial that, based on the tests, Lowe suffered from sleepwalking. The defense concluded that the murder of his father was a result of insane automatism, and that he could no be held legally responsible for the murder. The jury agreed and Lowe was sent to a psychiatric hospital where he was treated for 10 months and then released. Example of a Voluntary Act Resulting in a Non-Voluntary Act Melinda decided to celebrate after receiving a promotion at work. She went to her friends house where she spent several hours drinking wine and smoking synthetic marijuana. When it is time to go home, Melinda, despite protests from friends, decided she was okay to drive herself home. During the drive home she passed out at the wheel. While passed out, her car collided with an oncoming car, resulting in the death of the driver.   Melinda voluntarily drank, smoked the synthetic marijuana, and then decided to drive her car. The collision that resulted in the death of the other driver occurred when Melinda was passed out, but she was passed out due to decisions she voluntarily made before passing out and would therefore be found culpable for the death of the person driving the car she collided with while passed out. Omission Omission is another form of actus reus and is the act of failing to take action that would have prevented injury to another person. Criminal negligence is also a form of actus reus.   An omission could be failing to warn others that they could be in danger because of something that you did, failure to a person left in your care, or not failure to complete your work properly which resulted in an accident.   (Source: U.S.Courts - District of Idaho)

Yale researchers unravel genetics of dyslexia and language impairment Assignment

Yale researchers unravel genetics of dyslexia and language impairment - Assignment Example Apart from genetic variants, Peart also claims that prenatal exposure to nicotine also predisposes children to dyslexia and language impairment (Peart 1). According to him, earlier diagnosis of challenges associated with dyslexia and language impairment will aid significantly in managing the associated complications. To achieve this, Peart asserts that it is crucial for the genetic components of reading as well as verbal language to be observed as earlier as possible. Additionally, he claims that most of the learning disabilities are as a result of dyslexia and language impairment. Thus, it is evident that his article provides detailed information on dyslexia and language impairment which enhances effective intervention of dyslexia and language impairment. The article enables persons suffering from the diseases understand the causes of their reading disabilities. Additionally, the article succeeds in making the families of the victims of dyslexia as well as language impairment seek for early interventions which as a result leads to effective

Religious terrorists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religious terrorists - Essay Example In short, religious terrorists are different from secular terrorists because they feel that their deity is commanding them to commit these acts, in addition to having a â€Å"greater purpose† for their actions and wishing to cleanse the world of those that do not believe as they do. The religious terrorist finds justification in their actions by committing grave acts in the name of whatever deity they worship. They consider their act to be an act of duty to their deity, and to them, if it is necessary to give their own life in addition to the lives taken for this cause, then so be it. Consider, for example, the role of suicide bombers. Frequently, those bombers shout prayers before pushing the button that will end their life and others, as they believe that their life’s sacrifice, as part of the war that they are engaged in, is worth it. They believe that when they are dead, they will then automatically be favored in the eyes of their deity; therefore, their sacrifice w as not in vain as they were carrying out the commands given to them. Lives other than their own are also considered acceptable losses in the eyes of the religious terrorist, mainly because their psychosis and/or underlying psychological issues have caused them to believe that everyone would like to die as well, but because their deity has commanded them to do so. Though these persons are most likely suffering from psychosis, such as paranoid schizophrenia or delusions, in their eyes they feel that their deity has commanded them to take these lives, and if necessary, their own. ... Religious terrorists differ from secular terrorists due to the lengths that they are willing to go to achieve their agenda. They believe, whether through psychosis or brainwashing, that they are the only ones that shall inherit the earth, and everyone else must die. It is not enough for the religious terrorist to simply banish those thought of, in their mind, as unclean, unworthy, or otherwise non-favored individuals. Their very existence must be wiped from the earth and the world, never to rise again, and they must not be permitted to spread, for those who believe as the religious terrorist does are the only ones that can be allowed to live. This reason is, I think, the biggest difference between religious and secular terrorists. Religious terrorists are willing to wipe out large portions of people; usually, secular terrorists are not. Though there are incidents of mass destruction when it comes to secular terrorists, without any religious agenda involved, religious terrorists, agai n, believe that they have been commanded to do these works by their deity, while secular terrorists usually do not see the value in mass killings or even mass destruction, as it is usually better (in their opinion) to attack a tactical or strategic target, such as a building. Their attacks are usually small and to the point, seeking to get a point across. For example, while they go after a target, they are not likely to kill anyone else around the primary target. To the religious terrorist, his or her point of view is the only view. You must believe as they do, or you must die. No amount of talking or negotiating will help; different beliefs must be wiped away. This makes the religious

Global Warming and the Effects Essay Example for Free

Global Warming and the Effects Essay Global warming refers to the heating of the air near the earth’s surface and oceans and this problem was first noted to happen in the 1950s period. Today the issue of global warming is one of the most widely discussed as it has serious implications to our environment. Global warming is as a consequence of human activities and its main contributor is the high level of greenhouse gases that are emitted to the atmosphere. One of these gases is methane, nitrogen dioxide, water vapors and carbon dioxide (CO2), which are emitted when fossil fuels such natural gas, oil, diesel and coal are burned. The issue of global warming has risen to the levels of concern today and days cannot pass without it being mentioned. If its effects are not mitigated the world will become an inhabitable place. The effects of global warming are many ranging from rise in global temperatures, forests destruction, melting and retreat of ice glaciers and thawing of snow that covers the mountains and destruction of the coastal ecosystems. This is what this research paper will basically focus on. It will discuss in depth the causes of global warming how these effects impact our society. This research paper is structured as follows; it starts with a brief introduction of what global warming is, its origin and how it has developed overtime, some examples of where it has already occurred will be given and then the conclusion. At the very end there is also a list of all the works cited, properly formatted in accordance with the MLA formatting style. Most people according to Weart (13) use the term global warming to mean climatic change but this is not true. The former is as a result of human activities and changes in the solar system but later is any change in the state of the average climate in terms of precipitation and weather over an extended period of time. The first effects of global warming were first noted in the mid 19th century and according to various reports given by different researchers, global warming results due to unchecked human activities. The world has experienced and witnessed changes in ice formation and melting not mentioning the abrupt rise in global temperatures. Though weather variations are something that is as old as mankind, its recent changes have awakened the conscience of men. Although there are periods when temperatures are a bit hot, there was unusual rise in temperatures in the period between 1980s and 1990s. This problem has continued up to the 21st century. â€Å"In terms of global average near the surface air temperature, the year 1998 was the warmest in the instrumental record and the nine warmest years in that record have occurred since 1990† (Houghton 2). The Graph below Shows How Global Temperature Has Increased Over Time Due to Global Warming. Gotten from http://globalwarming-awareness2007-arshad. com/global-warming-graphs. shtml The rise in the rates at which hurricanes, tornadoes and the general blowing of strong wind is also attributed to global warming. These effects were experienced in Western Europe especially in England in the late 1980s. No single human being can claim not to have contributed to the global warming as in one way or the other one must have been involved in cooking using fossil fuels and in transport. These are the major contributors of global warming because they increase the amount of carbon dioxide gas which is in the atmosphere. (Natural Resources Defense Council). The problem with greenhouse gases is that they trap hot air that is trying to escape from the ocean and earths’ surface something that has serious consequences. Carbon dioxide behaves like a blanket and a mirror. It traps hot air and sends it back to the ground thus there is a lot of water evaporation on the oceans thereby increasing humidity in the air. Also this humidity also behaves like CO2 which traps hot air thus making the air in the atmosphere even warmer (Haughton 12) Most of the global effects we are witnessing today were predicted long time ago by scientists for example the world meteorological organization (WMO) issued a warning in 2003 that there will be increase in weather changes and the examples that it gave were tornadoes, hurricanes and heat waves. Today these tornadoes are like the order of the day and are the effects of global warming. According to scientists, when ice glaciers melts, that water flows to the oceans which in turn floods and the problem that results is that even when there is a small storm water is blown to the earths’ surface. Human activities that contribute to global warming dates back to the Industrial Revolution period when labor became mechanized. Those machines used fossil fuels such as coal which emits large amount of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The current human activities are contributing largely to the global warming that human activities of the 19th century although the current global warming effects are not just as a result of these current activities but is as a result of human activities extended over time. According to a report that was produced by the World Meteorological Organization, the period from early 1990s up to 2007 has registered the highest degrees in terms of global temperature. The average global temperature for the year 2007 was estimated to be 0. 41oC above the average annual temperature of the 1960s of 14. 00oc Just like there are many environmental variables, the same applies when it comes to human activities which contribute to global warming. As per the IPCC’s fourth assessment report, since 1750, human activities with a very high probability were said to be the cause of global warming. The increase of global warming for the last fifty years has been due to the increase in greenhouses emissions. The Graph Below shows how the Concentration of Greenhouse Gas has increased In the Last 250 Years. It was accessed from http://earthsci. org/education/teacher/basicgeol/global_warm/global_warm. html These gases also destroy the ozone that protects some harmful sun rays from reaching the sun and that is why there are so many cases of cancer in the world. The main source of these gases is the fuels that are used on vehicles, planes and other machines such as generators and water pumps and the fuels that are used in households. What happens is that when sun rays reach the earths’ surface, they heat the surface while the excess heat is radiated back to the atmosphere. These rays are supposed to be lost in the space but because there is a lot of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the sunlight with longer wavelength are trapped by these gases (Silverstein and Nunn 53-54). Now the problem is that it leads to global warming in that these gases behave like mirrors that reflect back sun rays to the earth leading to overheating of the global temperature and this is what is referred by scientists as greenhouse effect. Even the water vapor that results due to overheating of the ocean surfaces is also a greenhouse gas. It is estimated that these vapors contribute 36 to 70 percent of the global warming while carbon dioxide accounts for 9-26 percent while others like methane and ozone contributes about 4-9 percent and 3-7percent respectively. Methane is always present in the earth and so when mining or soil erosion occurs due to human activities; it is exposed to the atmosphere. This methane combines with other gases in the atmosphere and it releases carbon dioxide. Population is another factor that has contributed to the rise in global temperature. There is no direct link of overpopulation to global warming but through an intricate process it contributes. When population increase, it means people will require more food and demand for more food means that more agricultural lands will be cultivated. Scientifically we know that trees help in purifying air by absorbing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere so when vegetation cover is cleared the chances of global warming to result are high as greenhouses gases remain uncontrolled. Also, to some extent green vegetations lead to global warming. When green vegetation rot they release a smelly gas. This gas is methane and is one of those greenhouse gases. Again as people demand more food, they devise ways of increasing food production and one way of doing this is by using animal manure which contains a lot of methane. People are forced to keep animals so as they would get this manure thus indirectly leading to the global warming. As population grows, more energy is needed in the production sectors. Fuel usage increase in the production companies so as to meet the ever increasing demand for products. Population increase mean more transport demands, this leads to an increase in the number of vehicles resulting to more emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Apart from human causes, there are also natural causes of global warming. Sun which is part of the solar system could also contribute to the global warming. If there happens to be output changes in terms of the heat that the sun produces, global temperature could rise. Another natural factor that could contribute is if there happens to be a change in the shape of the orbit that earth as a planet follows. If one point is closer to the sun then, global temperature at that particular period of time could rise. All these causes of global warming lead to several negative consequences. One of these effects is the increase in precipitation. As more and more water evaporates and is trapped in the clouds it then falls as precipitation. When the oceans are heated by the sun, evaporation occurs leading to heavy rain that has negative results for example it leads to floods and soil erosion. (Victor 31-33) Another effect associated with global warming is the thawing of mountain glaciers. In the period between 1550s and 1850s there was a lot of glaciers but this has subsequently decreased over time. It is estimated that the world glaciers with the exception of ice sheets and caps in the Antarctic and Arctic regions has gone down by 50 percent. The reduction of these glaciers has been witnessed in Himalayas Mountains, Alps, Rocky Mountains and Pyrenees. The consequences of melting of these glaciers are many and one of them is flash slides, increase in landslides not mentioning the overflow of the glacial lakes. It also makes some rivers to become seasonal, during summer time they become dry and then gain water during winter. When glaciers melt, water levels in the ocean go up and it destroys the ecological system of the coastal areas because these floods engulf the coastal dry lands. Global temperature interferes with the balance and the length of the seasons. This will affect farmers who sow their seeds in a particular time predicting to be harvested at a particular time. â€Å"Farmers are planting the seeds according to the seasons and rain, but since the rains are getting disturbed and also the climate is getting shifted, the sowing time is difficult to predict, which will lead to poor production hence shortage of food grains† (Global warming, 2008). Marine life is also under extinction threats due to global temperature change. Many marine species have already succumbed to high temperatures in the seas. Penguins which live in coral leafs are the worst affected. Global warming leads to the destruction of the coral reefs and this leads to the interference in penguin’s life cycle resulting to many deaths. Also global warming leads to the retreat of ice in the sea. Though sea water absorbs sun’s heat, this ice reflects back some of the heat. If this ice melts away, sea water will get hot leading to the rise in temperature. According to a report made by the IPCC Fourth Assessment, it was predicted that forest fires will increase in some regions of the world like in the Mediterranean Europe. Global warming has no direct link to the bush fires but the thing is, there will be shortage of rain in those regions thus increasing the chances of forest fires being spread in large scale. When fire burns, carbon dioxide is emitted to the air and since this fire will clear all the remaining vegetations that would absorb some carbon dioxide, a lot of carbon dioxide will be released more than the natural cycle can handle and what will result is global warming due to green house effects. (Natural Resources Defense Council) Global warming also destroys the ozone layer that is in the atmosphere. This layer prevents the harmful sunrays such as ultra violet rays from reaching the earth. These rays lead to increased cases of skin cancer. To conclude this research paper, it is in order to say that global warming leads to the rise of the average global temperatures and have serious consequences on the environment. The main contributor of global warming is human activities although to some extent some natural factors such as alteration of the earth orbit could result to temperature rise. Global changes started to be witnessed in the mid 19th century but of late the effect are many and on the increasing trend. Its many effects have served as an awakening call to many governments to come up with various strategies that could help to reverse the trend. Global warming mostly results from fossil fuels which emit carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. These greenhouse gases include; ozone, methane, water vapors and nitrogen dioxide. What these gases do is that they trap hot air that is trying to escape from the ground resulting to overheating of both the ocean and ground surfaces. The effects of global warming are many and includes; rise in temperatures, forest fire outbreaks, thawing and retreat of glaciers, overflowing of rivers and lakes, disruption in the balance of seasons, extinction of some species especially those that live in seas, desertification, coastal lands being engulfed by floods and increase in diseases such as cancer and malaria. Works Cited: Global Warming. Global Warming Awareness. 2008. Accessed on October 30, 2008 from http://www. globalwarming. org. in/global-warming-facts. php Houghton J. Theodore. Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. Cambridge University Press, 2004 Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). Global Warming: Consequences. 2008. Available at http://www. nrdc. org/globalWarming/fcons. asp Silverstein, A. and Nunn, L. S. Global Warming. Twenty-First Century Books, 2003 Watson R. The Natural Causes of Global Warming. 2007 http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/300649/the_natural_causes_of_global_ warming. html? cat=47 Weart S. R. The Discovery of Global Warming. Harvard University Press, 2003. Victor, David G. The Collapse of the Kyoto Protocol and the Struggle to Slow Global Warming: And the Struggle to Slow Global Warming. Princeton University Press, 2001

Essay --

Raluca is from Bucharest, Romania. At the age of seven, her family had a computer, a library, and more than a majority of the time, quality food to eat. Raluca’s parents believed in order for her to succeed in the free market economy, education was critical. Throughout the film, it was evident that Romania was a work in progress due to it’s transition to capitalism. Raluca commuted everyday to a public school in a wealthy neighborhood where she received an advanced curriculum of French, Science, and Humanities. Raluca’s future looked promising, as a high school diploma was not enough to provide financial security. At the age of thirteen, Raluca had access to computers and the Internet considering her country valued education. In fourth grade, Raluca continued to receive a high-quality education and an advanced curriculum in Bucharest. In order to stay in a superior school, Raluca had to do well on extremely difficult exams at the end of fourth grade. In Romania, during 2003, the structure of the education system was, to an extent, hard to understand. The various schooling system consisted of pre-school education, primary school, lower secondary school, high school, vocational school, apprentice school, long-term higher education, short-term education, post secondary school, and post graduate school. Children entered pre-school education between the ages of three and six. At the age of six, the child entered primary education, which was the first four years of compulsory education. According to the 2003 amendment to the Education law, children entered school at the age of six. However, children had the option to begin their compulsory education at the age of seven at the family’s request or before the age of six if ... ...a implemented a three-cycle structure, with completion in a minimum of ten years. Romania, overtime, began the process of educational reform. Since this occurred, the population of student growth in schools increased dramatically. Resources for education also improved overall, with the adoption of new curriculum. However, the Romanian education system was slow to change due to efforts and budgets were limited. As a future educator, I would thoroughly enjoy working in Romanian schools. Even though the resources and technologies may not be available, student objectives and curriculum are in place, ensuring student success. A quote from an unknown source reads, â€Å"The best teachers teach from the heart, not from the book.† From my point of view, as long as the student feels safe and comfortable, while having the will and motivation to learn, anything can happen.

Increased Prices of Necessary Goods and Inflation Affecting the Poor Working Class People

Research Paper Increased prices of necessary goods and Inflation affecting the poor working class people. Submitted By Minhazur Rahman Course: ENG -105 Abstract Global food price has shot up in the last years that have been succeeded by an extraordinary global economic down-turn; Rich, mid and poor economies are affected largely in terms of erosion of growth, shrunk investment and lessening of job creation. The global food crises and the economic recession in the major economies have created a complex scenario whereby food price may not stabilize creating erosion of income of the common mass and making investment more costly.This is presenting tremendous challenge to countries like Bangladesh which is plunged further in economic deprivation and stagnation. The bad impacts of high prices on food stuff is devastating the on the poor producers, wage laborers and consumers in our country. These people are surviving very harshly in these dire situations and are having many difficulties li ving their lives. This paper is the outcome of a research conducted to analyze the impact of price hike over lower working class people.The Research consists of the Introduction containing Background of the Research, Areas of the Research, Hypothesis, Methodology, Data Analysis, Findings, and Recommendations. The purpose of the research was to identify what are their actual problems these people are facing because of price hikes and high inflation. TABLE OF CONTENT 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4| 2. Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5| 3. Areas of research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6| 4. Hypothesis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦ 6| 5. Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7| 6.Review of literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8| 7. Key terms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8| 8. Limitations†¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9| 9. Primary data presentation and analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10| 10. Recommendation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 24| 11. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 25| 12. Reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. . †¦ 26 13. Appendix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 27| Introduction Since early 2007, Bangladesh has been experiencing a rising rate of inflation particularly in food grain at the backdrop of global hike of food grain prices.The rising inflation has become a major threat to people from all segments of the society. This higher inflationary trend does not bode well with respect to the socio-economic progress, particularly, on the poor and vulnerable groups. Rapidly higher food inflation has made it difficult for the low income households to carry on with their daily basic expenditures. According to the World Bank, four million people have been pushed below the poverty line due to abnormal rise in food price.Another statistics of the World Bank shows that between January 2010 and March 2011, the gross income of the poor decreased by 46. 7 percent mainly due to surge of food items, pushing 3 million households below the poverty line. Even the bumper boro harvest could not save the people from the grip of high inflation. On the other hand, the adverse impact of inflation has created a stumbling block to macroeconomic stability and curtailed the pace of economic growth, which is necessary to poverty reduction and meeting other development challenges and goals.This research shows what problems the low earning people in our country are facing right now because of the inflation and the increasing food prices. This also shows that what are the foods they are likely to consume and the prices trend of those foods over a period of years. This shows that how much the price of necessary foods has gone up rapidly. 1. 1Background Bangladesh is a very populated country and most of the people of our country are below the poverty line so we have lots of people with very little income or with no income at all.This sets a problem for the government to maintain food prices so that those people can feed themselves. This is one of the biggest challenges each government of our country has to accomplish but sadly none of them were ever able to defeat it, not only that the prices of everything is going up as there is a global crisis going on. Global crisis is also increasing our inflation rate and because of that the food prices of our country is going up and up. Also the amount of food needed to feed the country is increasing thus slots of food have to be bought from outside the country such as India, Vietnam, Ukraine etc.Because of this our imports are getting higher than export thus we have a bad GDP than most of the countries in Asia. It is obvious nowadays that the price of everything ranging from essential daily commodities to transportation, educational, medical and other expenses are increasing. According to the study, as a consequence of the price hike, the majority (97. 7 perce nt) of people of Dhaka metropolitan city and other parts of the country are facing deep trouble in coping with the situation. In Dhaka city 43. percent of the people think that because of price increase almost everything, they are encountering economic hardship. To help people to overcome this economic crisis Government should come forward and take steps against this price hike. The low earning people are therefore having problems leading a normal life; they are facing tremendous hardships such as they have to buy food that is very low in quality thus they are getting less amount of nutrition, they cannot afford any kind of fruits for themselves or their family even if they can they are not so good.Also they are not able to buy good clothes for themselves or their family and not only these they can’t afford education for their children as they already have so little income that they can hardly feed the whole family. So they are being stripped from all sorts of happiness a nor mal human being can have and when asked they say that it is a curse to be born poor as there is very little help from them. 1. 2 AREAS OF RESEARCH In this section, I will discuss about the areas of research that I have studied.For working on it comfortably and getting my intended and expected result, I have prepared several questions, which helped me a lot for working on my survey. The whole questionnaires was based on the people with low income and there problems. From this questions I found out that people with low income are having difficulties leading there life and hardships they are facing to overcome this problems. This inflation and high prices of foods are forcing them to survive with a very little amount of food and commodities they require.While doing this research my overall analysis was correct that the people with low income are living in terrible conditions. My respondents were local people from where I live that is in Mohammadpur, here different levels of people live from poor to rich it easy to find any category of people you like. So it was not hard for me to go through this interview, my primary focus was on the Rickshaw Pullers, Garments Workers, CNG & Taxi Drivers & Security Guards with a variable age difference with a range of 15 to 50.As most of them were illiterate I had to translate each and every query for them and so were the results of the questionnaires. I interviewed a total of 40 eligible people that fit into my profile and gathered the other required information to complete this research. 1. 3 Hypothesis Majority of the people of our country is this low earning people so high inflation and increases food prices is making their life hard to live. 1. 4 Methodology Primary Source: – Through Questionnaire – Interviews with general people Survey respondents: 40 people- targeted segment is general low income earning people with ages between 15 to 50Secondary Source: – Websites – Newspaper archive in web – Articles and other reports At the beginning I searched the web for relevant resources and took some ideas for my research and later with that knowledge I developed the questionnaires and conducted the interviews and later started compiling the primary and the secondary data to complete this research paper. 1. 5 Review of Literature My secondary data includes online article and journals, government report on inflation also some independent research conducted by various NGO’s. This research is based on the primary data that I collected using the ideas of those secondary researches.As is this topic is a very vast one and it changes form area to area but the base of the facts remains the same but more sample would have been better to make it a good quality research paper. For the research I used data from the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Bangladesh Bank, and World Bank. From here I used the information about the prices of the foods and other necessary goods. For research I used different journals such as the journal written by Shamsu Uddin Shakib in the European Journal of Business and Management regarding the high inflation of Bangladesh and it causes an affects.Also for the research I used one article Iqbal Ahmed on regarding the Inflationary Trend in Bangladesh and Impact on High Food Commodity Prices. Here the writer has shown how the inflation is affecting all the people of Bangladesh this paper is done with the help of a sponsor from a NGO as it is a national level paper. 1. 6 Key terms Inflation: Inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. Commodity: A commodity is the generic term for any marketable item produced to satisfy wants or needs.GDP: Gross Domestic Product is the market value of all officially recognized final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. 1. 7 LIMITATION While preparing this research paper I had faced a number of problems. Some of these had very little effect on the paper while other ones caused my research to be limited. The first limitation is I could not do my survey to the whole population for my primary research. I did my primary survey on my area and most of the people did not want to answer the questions. Besides, I had difficulty finding necessary information in the internet related with my topic.The secondary sources were very limited. Lastly because of being inexperience I might have not been able to organize all the materials properly. 2 Primary data presentation and analysis For my primary research, I collected data from 30 male and 10 female respondents, aged between15-50 years. I conduct this survey within the married and unmarried people who have similar social positions. The â€Å"Data Analysis† section is an explanation of data gathered from the primary research. My respondents were: PART: A (Questionnaires) Q1. What is your highest Qualification?When I asked this question I k new that I was going to get this kind of result with 20 people who are illiterate, 14 people who passed class – 5, 4 people who passed class – 8, and 1 person SSC and 1 person HSC graduate but still they are earning very low level income. Q2. Want kind of Job do you do? Well it was my choice actually, to get a more accurate result I interviewed 14 rickshaw puller, 10 garments worker, 6 drivers, and 10 security guards. Q3. Are you married of not? This question was conducted in order to know the number of family member they have. Q4. What is number of total family members that live in your household?Here we can see that 13 people has a family of 4 people, but there is 16 people who has 5 people family, and 9 people who has 6 family members and 2 people with a family of 8 or more people. So here we can see a total of 202 people who are depended on maybe one or sometimes 2 bread winners for the family. PART B Q1. What is your total family income? This shows that there is 2 1 people who are earning less than 4000 Tk, 11 people who are earning less than 6000 Tk, 5 people are earning less than 8000 Tk and just a lucky few among this group of people is earning 8000Tk or more.This shows that how low amount of salary they are getting but still they are doing a very hard work compared to middle class people. This shows that how bad the state of our countries low earning people. Q2. What is your total family expense? When asked this question many of them were not sure how much to say but after a while they gave me the answers which shows that 23 of the people spend less than 3000 Tk, 10 people 5000 Tk, 6 people 7000 Tk and only one person spends 7000 Tk.When asked why they do not spend all of the money they say that most of the time they do have to spend it all but they sometimes are able to save some money for some other extra use. Q3. How many hours of work do you do each day? As we can see from the above chart that most of the people have to work more than the usual amount of work that should be done by a normal person, because as they have every little knowledge they are required to do multiple jobs sometimes overtimes as a result they tend to work more than the natural working hour which is 8 hours.Q4. What is the total amount of money you spend on food? This chart shows that these people are spending most of their salary on food, 15 people is spending 1500tk as they have a pretty low income, 13 people spends 3000tk, 7 people spends 4000tk, and only 2 people spends 5000tk. Here it clearly shows that as these people has low income so they are forced to spend less on food and they are spending the most amount of money on the food. # The relationship between the number of family members and the amount of money they spend on food.This graph clearly shows that as the number of family members increases the amount of money spent in buying food increases thus making a clear assumption that more number of people will require more food and m ore money is therefore required to feed a large family, which increases more difficulty of the bread winners and they have to work more hours as shown in previous charts. So one way to reduce this spending can be done by giving birth to less number of kids as a result there will be less amount of mouths to feed also the population will get lower Q5.What food items do you consume and how much of it? This chart shows the average percentage of food items they consume in order to survive. A total of 40 percent of food out of 100 percentages is rice as rice is the most common staple food of our country. Than the potato it is because it is cheap and it provides lots of energy and therefore it is eaten a lot, then the other staple foods that the people consume. The food items that they consume are of very low quality and that’s why they are available at a cheaper rate. Q6. What are the other areas that you spend your money other than food?This chart shows that after they buy their f ood the rest of money rather getting the opportunity of saving it, it is required in other places such as the rent, medicine and doctors, clothing and education. These are the general areas that they spend next to the food. Rent is the highest among all of this because the living cost in Dhaka city is increasing rapidly and to make sure that there is a roof above their head they are sometimes willing to pay the rent before they go and buy the food. Even in the slums the rent is getting higher rapidly so much of the income goes into paying the rent after food expenses.Doctors & Medicines Usually this entire people receive a very low class treatment. All of them have to go to the cheap government hospital which has a very well reputation in providing the worst kind of treatments. Also they cannot afford good medications as a result they become sicker and are more prone to catch diseases. If the government made some efforts to at least improve the quality of the hospitals and provi de good generic medications at a cheaper rate than they would be able to save some money. ClothingThe people that I researched on are low income people no naturally they have a very low budget for clothing. Most of the times the clothes they wear are given by the people to them as charity or the wear 2nd hand clothes or clothes which are of very poor quality. Education Education is the most important requirement for a nation to grow but most of the people I interviewed are illiterate or just primary graduate. Also most of the children of these people do not go to school as they have to pay the fees so they don’t want to waste their money school. Some of the children go o school but they dropout early to help earn money for the family. The ones that remain they hardly pass the PSC, JSC or SSC exams and starts working. Inflation and Food prices trend of the last 4 years This graph shows the general inflation that is the inflation of everything all over the country and the infla tion of the food price over a period of 4 years. It shows that during 2008 and 2009 the general inflation increased 1. 5% more and food price inflation to 2. 8%, this shows that the problem of inflation is not recent but we all were suffering since 2008.But in 2010 there was a small hike in general inflation and the food price inflation reduced but in 2011 due to some social and political turmoil the food price inflation during shot up more than 2. 8% as a result the price of food increased drastically. This graph shows the price of some common food that everyone consumes but the quality of the products are of low grade as this research is about the low income earning people so is the price of this products but still this is high enough for these people.As we can see that during the year 2008 there was a price hike in both rice and atta this was because of the global financial crisis, because the amount of rice that is produced in our country is not enough so we import most of our r ice from Vietnam and Ukraine and due to the global recession Bangladesh also suffered the impact of recession as result our exports decreased but our imports increased as the population has also increased.Than in later years it stabilized but in 2011 it again hiked because of some political unrest in our country and also there was a breakdown of relationship with the neighboring countries as a result we took a huge hit. But for potato it was not a problem because we produce a lot of potatoes enough to the poor people of our country. 3 Recommendation It is obvious nowadays that the price of everything ranging from essential daily commodities to transportation, educational, medical and other expenses are increasing.To help people to overcome this economic crisis people from all walks of life should come forward and take necessary steps against this price hikes. Following steps should be taken Quick action: 1) To control price of commodity deposit rate and lending rate of Banks should control. 2) Provide more importance to agriculture sector. 3) Control Business syndicate as well as stockiest who create artificial crises in market. 4) Provide micro credit facility by government. The interest rate of that disbursement should not more than 6%. ) Import duties of fundamental goods have to deduct. 6) Consider corporate tax rate. 7) Established government regulated mega shop. 8) Tax rate of medical instrument & medicine should minimum. Long run Action: 1) To remove unemployment problem seek different sources of sector. 2) Utilize our natural gas directly by government. 3) Growth rate of population control. 4) Indifferent monetary policy provides both public & private sector. 5) Overall control of malpractice. 6) Reduction of corruption. Conclusion High inflation is not good for any country it holds a nation back.This inflation does not only harms the low income people but also everyone in the country, this affects everyone this decreases the living standards o f people. As I have shown high inflation limits the low income people they all live a very hard life, they buy very less amount of food as they have to pay the rent to live under a roof they constantly need medications as their living conditions are very bad and if they have enough money left they try to buy some new clothes or send their kids to school but many of them are not lucky enough. Most of their income is only enough for just rent and food.Because they already have low income and this high inflation is causing the prices of food and other commodities to increase rapidly as shown earlier, so they have no other choice but to live a very hard life. References 1. Shakib. S. U. ,( 2012) European Journal of Business and Management ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online) Vol 4, No. 3, http://www. iiste. org 2. Ahmed, I. (February 2008) Inflation and the Poor in Bangladesh, Policy Analysis Unit, Bangladesh Bank, pdf http://www. bdprices. org/article/jan_11/meu_jan_2011. pdf 3. Ahmed, I. (n. ) Inflationary Trend in Bangladesh and Impact on High Food Commodity Prices. pdf. http://www. bdprices. org/journal/jun_10/meu_jun_2010. pdf 4. Bangladesh Economic Update, (2011). http://www. unnayan. org/reports/meu/june_11/meu_jun_2011. pdf. 5. Consumer Price Indexes, (April 2011). http://www. bbs. gov. bd/home. aspx 6. Engendering Development: Through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources and Voice, A co publication of the World Bank and Oxford University Press. 2002 7. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. (2011) Inflation & Price trends http://www. bbs. gov. bd/home. aspx Appendix

Daiwa Case Study Essay

The executive vice president of Daiwa’s New York branch had traded away the bank’s money over 11 years – an extraordinarily long period for such a fraud to run – while using his position as head of the branch’s securities custody department to cover up the loss by selling off securities owned by Daiwa and its customers. The trading loss was one of the largest of its kind in history. But it was the cover-ups by Iguchi over a period of years, and then by senior managers at Daiwa between July 13 and September 18 1995, when the bank eventually reported the loss to the US Federal Reserve Board, that did the real damage. These led to criminal indictments against the bank and its officers and, eventually, to one of Japan’s largest commercial banks being kicked out of the US markets. Unlike Barings Bank, which was swallowed up by similar failures in risk management earlier in the same year, Daiwa’s $200 billion of assets and $8 billion of rese rves meant it was big enough to survive the hit. But punishment by US regulators and public humiliation dealt a massive blow to Daiwa’s reputation. The scandal set in train a longterm change in strategy as Daiwa reigned in its international ambitions and concentrated on its core businesses in Japan and Southeast Asia. There were also long-term per- Lessons learned G Risk-taking functions must be segregated from record-keeping and risk assessment functions. It’s a lesson that’s now been largely learned in terms of segregating traders from the back office – but it has much wider applications; G Structural problems in risk management don’t put themselves right. Daiwa had many warning signals about the way risk management was organised at the New York branch, but chose to believe that local management  had learned its lesson; G Massive fraud can continue for many years in an environment of lax controls: Iguchi made his confession not because he feared he was about to be caught, but instead when he realised that the situation might otherwise carry on indefinitely; G Years after an event, failures in risk management remain a threat to the personal finances of senior executives if the executives can be shown to have acted inappropriately. sonal repercussions for Daiwa’s senior managers. Five years after the debacle broke, on 20 September 2000, in a decision that was immediately challenged, a Japanese court in Osaka told 11 current and former board members and top executives from Daiwa to pay the bank $775 million in damages. The record-breaking award, which followed legal action by shareholders, was to atone for the management failure of oversight, attempted cover-ups, and the breakdown of risk management in the New York branch that led up to the debacle. Treasury securities as part of Daiwa’s services to its pension fund customers. During the 1980s the New York desk became a significant force in the US government debt market and was designated as a primary market dealer in 1986. When Iguchi was promoted to become a trader in 1984, he did not relinquish his back-office duties. All in all, he supervised the securities custody department at the New York branch from approximately 1977 right through to 1995. This lack of segregation, a relatively common feature of small trading desks in the early 1980s but already a discredited practice by the early 1990s, led to Daiwa’s downfall. Daiwa’s New York branch managed the custody of the US Treasury bonds that it bought, and those that it bought on behalf of its customers, via a sub-custody account held at Bankers Trust. Through this account, interest on the bonds was collected and dispersed, and bonds were transferred or sold according to the The Story Toshihide Iguchi, a Kobe, Japanborn US citizen who majored in psychology at Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, joined Daiwa’s New York branch in 1977. There he learned how to run the small back office of the branch’s securities business. Opened as an office in the 1950s, the Daiwa New York branch began dealing in US  wishes of either customers or the bank’s own managers. Daiwa and its customers kept track of what was happening in this account through transaction reports from Bankers Trust that flowed through Iguchi, in his role as head of the back office. When Iguchi lost a few hundred thousand dollars early on in his trading activities, he was tempted into selling off bonds in the Bankers Trust sub-custody account to pay off his losses. Then, in the words of the FBI agents who investigated the case: â€Å"He concealed his unauthorised sales from the custody account †¦ by falsifying Bankers Trust account statements so that the statements would not indicate that the securities had been sold.† As he lost more money trying to trade his way back into the black, it became hard work keeping alive this parallel series of reports. But luckily for him, Daiwa and its internal auditors never independently confirmed the custody account statements. Later on, while he served his sentence, Iguchi was asked by Time magazine whether his early actions felt like a crime. â€Å"To me, it was only a violation of internal rules,† he said. â€Å"I think all traders have a tendency to fall into the same trap. You always have a way of recovering the loss. As long as that possibility is there, you either admit your loss and lose face and your job, or you wait a little – a month or two months, or however long it takes.† In Iguchi’s case it took 11 years, during which time he is said to have forged some 30,000 trading slips, among other documents. When customers sold off securities that Iguchi had, in fact, already sold off  on his own behalf, or when customers needed to be paid interest on long-gone securities, Iguchi settled their accounts by selling off yet more securities and changing yet more records. Eventually about $377 million of Daiwa’s customers’ securities and about $733 million of Daiwa’s own investment securities had been sold off by Iguchi to cover his trading losses. As Iguchi’s apparen t success grew – he later said that at one point his desk  produced half the New York branch’s nominal profits – Subsequent investigation showed that risk control lapses and cover-ups were part of the culture of Daiwa’s New York operation in the 1980s and 1990s’ According to the charges laid against the bank by US officials, Daiwa had gone so far as to â€Å"temporarily relocate certain traders †¦ and, when necessary, to disguise the trading room at the downtown office as a storage room during [regulatory] examinations†. Following a regulatory rebuff in 1993, the bank had assured regulators that traders would no longer report to Iguchi while he occupied his role as head of the securities custody department. In fact, the branch continued to operate without a proper division of responsibilities. Furthermore, during the 1995 investigation, Iguchi revealed that between 1984 and 1987, other Daiwa traders had suffered major losses; these had apparently been concealed from regulators by shifting the losses to Daiwa’s overseas affiliates (FDIC, 1995). he became something of a golden boy at Daiwa. But the losses accumulated until by the early 1990s it was difficult for Iguchi to continue to hide them, particularly after 1993 when Daiwa made some limited efforts to split up its trading and back-office functions. Yet he managed to survive for another two years before engineering his own day of reckoning. Iguchi’s survival wasn’t entirely down to luck. Subsequent investigation showed that risk control lapses and cover-ups were part of the culture of Daiwa’s New York operation in the 1980s and early 1990s, to a farcical degree. For example, during the 1995 investigation of the Iguchi affair, the bank was also charged with operating an unauthorised trading area for securities between 1986 and 1993. Confession and cover-up In Iguchi’s confessional letters to Daiwa in mid-summer 1999 (he sent a stream of letters and notes to the bank after that initial July 13 letter) the rogue custody officer suggested that his superiors keep the losses  secret until â€Å"appropriate measures† could be taken to stabilise the situation. It was a suggestion that was taken up. In the period after July 13 and before about September 18, when Daiwa belatedly advised the Federal Reserve Board of the loss, certain of Daiwa’s managers connived with Iguchi to prevent the losses being discovered, despite a legal requirement to report misdoings immediately to the US regulators. For example, during September 1995, Iguchi was told to pretend to be on holiday so that a scheduled August 2001 audit would have to be postponed; he was in fact in the New York apartment of a Daiwa manager helping to reconstruct the trading history of his department. Daiwa’s managers seem to have been hoping to transfer the loss to Japan, where it could have been dealt with outside the scrutiny of the US regulators and markets. After Daiwa told regulators about the loss on September 18, Iguchi was taken to a motel and questioned directly by the US Federal Bureau of Investigation. He told FBI agents about what had gone on in the months following his initial confession to Daiwa, and the bank was shocked to find itself facing a 24-  count indictment for conspiracy, fraud, bank exam obstruction, records falsification and failure to disclose federal crimes. Daiwa argued, rightly, that not a single customer of the bank had lost any money. At the time of the incident, Daiwa was one of Japan’s top 10 banks and one of the top 20 banks in the world in terms of asset size. Like most other Japanese, and some European, banks, it had massive â€Å"hidden profits† on its balance sheet that were not accounted for due to the legitimate historical accounting method that it employed. That gave Daiwa’s management considerable freedom of action if unex- Timeline of events July 13, 1995 Toshihide Iguchi of the New York branch of Daiwa Bank confesses  to superiors that he has lost $1.1 billion over 11 years while trading US Treasury bonds. August 8 Japan’s ministry of finance is informed about the scandal by Daiwa. September 15-18 Daiwa belatedly reports the loss to the US Federal Reserve Board, warning that immediate disclosure of a loss of that magnitude might threat the financial viability of the bank. September 23 Iguchi interviewed at a motel by FBI agents who later arrest him. September 26 Iguchi fired by Daiwa and the extent of the bank’s loss made public. October 2 US authorities order Daiwa to put an end to most of its trading in the US, having already shocked the bank by indicting it on serious charges. December 1996 Iguchi sentenced to four years in prison and a $2.6 million penalty (fine and restitution payments). End January 1996 Daiwa agrees to sell most of its assets and offices in the US. February 1996 Daiwa agrees to pay a $340 million fine to avoid further legal battles over its institutional role in the Iguchi affair – one of the largest ever fines in a criminal case in the US. 20 September 2000 Osaka court says some current and some former board members and executives from the bank must pay the bank $775 million as restitution to shareholders. The board members and executives immediately appeal against the decision. One of the bank’s crisis management actions after Iguchi confessed was to pump back into the defrauded account securities equivalent to those that their New York head of custody had sold off. But the US regulators were deeply unhappy at the attempted coverup, and at the way Daiwa had seemed to ignore regulatory warnings over a number of years. They were also unhappy that at least one senior member of Japan’s ministry of finance knew about the Daiwa scandal in early August and had not informed his US regulatory counterpart. This pushed the Daiwa scandal onto the international political stage and led to a telephone conversation in which Japan’s finance minister, Masayoshi Takemura, was obliged to make apologetic noises to US Treasury secretary Robert Rubin for his staff’s failure to pass on the information. (The call was made only after Takemura had annoyed US officials by denying at an earlier press conference that his ministry had failed in its duties; his aides later denied that any formal apology had been made to Rubin.) At a time when the Japanese banking system was already showing signs of strain from the slowing Japanese economy and deteriorating  asset quality, many international regulators took the Daiwa scandal and its aftermath as a sign of the continuing lack of openness in Japanese banks and the Japanese financial system. Meanwhile, Daiwa faced more immediate problems. In November 1995, the Federal Reserve ordered it to end all of its US operations August 2001  within 90 days. By January 1996, Daiwa had agreed to sell most of its assets in the US, totalling some $3.3 billion, to Sumitomo Bank and to sell off 15 US offices. (Indeed, for some time after the debacle, Daiwa was rumoured to be on the verge of merging with Sumitomo.) In February 1996, Daiwa agreed to pay a $340 million fine – a record amount for a criminal case in the US – as a way of laying to rest the charges that US authorities had brought against it. All in all, it endured some of the stiffest punishments ever meted out to a foreign bank operating in the US. By this point, senior figures at the bank had resigned or indicated they would take early retirement. Top management said it would cut its own pay for six months and forgo bonuses as a sign of contrition. Iguchi’s nightmare was now dissipating. In October 1995, he had reached an agreement with his US prosecutors and admitted misapplication of bank funds, false entries in bankbooks and records, money laundering and conspiracy. Iguchi told the judge at early hearings that by the time he confessed: â€Å"After 11 years of fruitless efforts to recover losses, my life was simply filled with guilt, fear and deception.† He said he sent the confession letter because he couldn’t see that anyone other than himself was likely to bring the situation to an end. In December 1996, he was sentenced in New York to four years in prison and a $2.6 million penalty that he had little chance of paying. The cover-up also led to one of Iguchi’s managers being sent to prison for a number of months and fined a few thousand dollars. The Aftermath As this account makes clear, Daiwa’s 1995 debacle resulted in huge losses; a  criminal charge against the bank; Daiwa’s forced exit from US markets; general reputational damage to Japanese banks and regulators; senior resignations at Daiwa; and a diplomatic spat between the US and Japan. In the medium term, the scandal led indirectly to Standard & Poor’s downgrading Daiwa’s credit rating from A– to BBB, and to Japan’s ministry of finance imposing certain restrictions on the bank’s activities for a year or so. It also temporarily threatened the credibility of its profitable trust business. In the longer term, the scandal obliged Daiwa’s management to refocus the bank on its traditional retail and trust banking units. By 1998, this refocus – and the general malaise in Japanese banking – led Daiwa to announce that it would close down many of its international offices to concentrate on its role as a super-regional ba nk in Southeast Asia, with a specific focus on the Osaka region. Bank executives at the time of the scandal in 1995 found that it dogged them into the new millennium. On 20 September 2000, the BBC reported that a Japanese court had ordered 11 current and former board members and executives from the bank to pay the bank $775 million in damages, much of it awarded against the president of Daiwa’s New York branch during the Iguchi period. Judge Mitsuhiro Ikeda made it clear that the award was compensation to the bank’s shareholders for the fact that â€Å"the risk management mechanism at the [New York]  branch was effectively not functioning†, as well as for management’s failure to report the incident promptly, and failures in oversight. Some commentators were surprised by the size of the recordbreaking award, however, and the executives immediately appealed against the decision and filed pleas with the court to suspend any seizure of their assets. Whether or not the award stands, many commentators at the time said that it marked a broader change in attitudes about executive and board responsibility. In Japan, as in most developed economies, it is becoming more and more likely that senior management in charge of a bank or corporation at the time of a disaster will be held personally accountable. I This case study was written by Rob Jameson, ERisk Web Resources AsiaWeek, â€Å"Japan’s $1-Billion Scam†, October 27, 1995 BBC News, â€Å"Bank Bosses Pay $775m Fraud Charge†, 20 September, 2000 Electric Law Library, Criminal Complaint and Indictment Against Daiwa Bank, 11/95 FDIC press release: Regulators terminate the US operations of Daiwa Bank, Ltd, Japan, PR-67-95, November 11, 1995 Time magazine, â€Å"A Blown Billion†, October 9, 1995 Time magazine, â€Å"I Didn’t Set Out to Rob a Bank†, short interview with Iguchi, February 1997

Mental Illness a New Kind of Language Barrier Professor Ramos Blog

Mental Illness a New Kind of Language Barrier To see it is to believe it, right? But what if you do not know what you are looking at? What if you do not know what you are looking for? Understanding a person suffering with a mental illness can be challenging and overwhelming; it is difficult to understand them, and difficult to communicate with them. But what do you do when you are faced with something difficult? You try to understand it, it is like untying a knot, you find the ends of the thread first and work your way through. To begin, you will get an idea of what it means to be a mentally healthy person. Then you will learn about the signs and symptoms of two specific mental illnesses, Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia, so that you can gain a deeper understanding of each illness and its uniqueness. After each description of these diseases will be techniques of how to interact and communicate with a person suffering from the symptoms of these diseases. What makes a person mentally healthy? Adrienne Dill Linton, who put together the book Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing, defines a mentally healthy person as â€Å"a person who is a living being with physical, cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and social dimensions who interacts with the environment to achieve a chosen life purpose† (1272). Healthy, self-actualized individuals have an accurate perception of reality, they have an ability to accept oneself and others (Linton 1273). A mentally healthy person can be spontaneous, they can solve problems, essentially a mentally healthy person can adapt to change. There is a need for privacy and a need for independence. A mentally healthy person can express themselves emotionally. This person has a frequency of happy moments in their life that produce a sense of worth, hope, and love of life. They identify with humankind, can maintain satisfactory relationships, they have a sense of ethics and they have some sense of resistance to conformity (Linton 1273). This definition and explanation is meant to give you a baseline of what makes a person mentally healthy and self-actualized. Now we will begin to explore how mental illness varies from this baseline. What is Bipolar Disorder? In the book, PN Mental Health Nursing, Bipolar Disorder is described as a mood disorder with recurrent episodes of depression and mania (Sommer et al. 107). Mania is psychotic, paranoid, and/or bizarre behavior. Psychotic behavior can be better explained by simply saying that one has a disconnection from reality. A person demonstrating paranoid behavior may think that everyone is out to get them. To be manic is to have a labile or easily changed mood with euphoria, agitation and irritability (Sommer et al. 109). A person going through a manic episode, has mood changes easily and quickly without rhyme or reason. This person is restless and wants to get going even if they don’t know where they are going or what they are doing. Interference or criticism of what a manic person’s chosen task is can cause increased agitation and irritability. During a manic episode there is an increase in talking and activity and flight of ideas (Sommer et al. 109). This basically means that there is rapid, continuous speech with sudden and frequent topic change. A person going through a manic episode has a disconnection from reality in the fact that they have a grandiose view of self and their abilities, they think of themselves as godlike. In the book The Bipolar Disorder Survival Guide, author David J. Miklowitz explains grandiosity as feeling superior to everyone else and believing that only very special people can understand them (24). There is a high level of impulsivity that comes with a manic episode, like spending money and giving away money or possessions (Sommer et al. 109). This can be confused with generosity but the two couldn’t be more different. Generosity describes a person who is prepared to give more than is strictly necessary or expected while impulsivity describes a lack of self-control. The depressive part of bipolar disorder is a flat, blunted, labile affect (Sommer et al. 109). A flat affect means the facial expression never changes, a blunted affect means there is a narrow range of normal expressions and labile affect means an easily changing facial expression. This person going through a depressive episode experiences tearfulness or crying and lack of energy. Francis Mark Mondimore, the author of Bipolar Disorder: A Guide For Patients And Families, describes some of the symptoms of the depressive part of bipolar disorder as having a loss of pleasure and lack of interest in activities, hobbies, sexual activity, and states that this person may have physical reports of discomfort or pain (18). A person with bipolar disorder who is experiencing a depressive episode may not be able to make sense of why they are feeling so low, there may not be a clear reason why they can’t stop crying. Keep in mind what they are feeling is real to them, and it is important to have empathy but not sympathy. To have empathy is to have an ability to understand and share the feeling of another. Sympathy is a feeling of pity and sadness for someone else’s misfortune; it’s not helpful to the person who is suffering. Many people compare bipolar disorder to riding a roller coaster. During a manic episode, people often confuse confidence with grandiosity, spontaneity with bizarre behavior, sensitivity with intolerance of criticism†¦it is important to know that there is a difference. Confidence is a feeling of self-assurance coming from an appreciation of one’s own abilities or qualities whereas grandiosity is an unrealistic sense of superiority. Spontaneity is sudden inner impulse or inclination without premeditation or external stimulus versus bizarre behavior which is behavior that is not appropriate to the current circumstances. Sensitivity is being easily offended or hurt but intolerance of criticism is a firm unwillingness to accept any perspectives or thoughts that are different from one’s own. Walking through a manic episode. When a person with Bipolar Disorder, is going through a manic episode, it may appear that they are going 100 miles a minute, that they are in a hurry and can’t focus. So first, be aware of your surroundings; noise, TV, music, background chatter, other people in the vicinity can escalate this person’s behavior (Sommer et al. 110). Think of these factors as stimulants, this person does not need to be stimulated anymore, so quiet the surrounding areas down or take this person somewhere that is quiet. Use a calm voice, to not use inflection or a tone when you speak, give short responses and short explanations (Sommer et al. 110). Set limits, do not let yourself be manipulated (Sommer et al. 110). â€Å"A person in a true manic state usually will not stop moving, and does not eat, drink, or sleep. This can become a medical emergency† (Sommer et al. 111). â€Å"Mania is an abnormally elevated mood that usually requires hospitalization, hypomania is a less severe episode of mania that lasts at least 4 days accompanied by three to four finding of mania. Hospitalization is not required, and the person is less impaired. Mixed episode is a manic episode and a major depressive episode being experience simultaneously, the person has marked impairment in functioning and can require admission to an acute care mental health facility to prevent self-harm or other directed violence† (Sommer et al. 107) The best thing one can do for a person suffering from a manic episode is to get them professional help. If the person in question is diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder and they are experiencing a manic episode the best thing to do for them is to get them to a hospital where medical professionals are prepared to assess them. The downside of Bipolar Disorder Now, when a person with Bipolar Disorder is going through a depressive episode, the most serious concern here is suicide. If this person speaks of suicide, ask them if they have a plan. A good rule of thumb is if anyone ever mentions, or hints at suicide when they speak to you, always ask them if they have a plan? If yes, then ask them what their plan is? For example, if they plan on shooting themselves, do they have a gun at home? The reason you want to ask these questions is that you want to know if they have the means to kill themselves and you want to prevent self-harm (Linton 1298). This conversation may be uncomfortable, overwhelming and scary, but these questions may be necessary if you ever find yourself in this position. Use calm, slow, steady speech when talking to this person, this person may not respond immediately so be patient. Do not ask direct questions but rather make observations (Sommer et al. 100). Direct questions can cause stress and seem like an attack. Say â€Å"I noticed you didn’t eat today† rather then â€Å"did you eat today?† or â€Å"why didn’t you eat today?†. Never ask â€Å"why† questions, they can come off as accusatory. Make time to be with this person even if they do not speak, it shows you are available and builds trust. Sometimes you must accept silence. Silence can be therapeutic; it is important that you feel comfortable with silence because silence enables the person before you to consider their own thoughts as well as what you are communicating to them (Linton 1285). You may notice that there are some similarities between Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia, and you may use the similar communication techniques for both. Exploring Schizophrenia. A person is diagnosed with Schizophrenia then they have psychotic thinking or behavior (Sommer et al. 116). A person suffering with schizophrenia has thoughts that are disconnected from reality and it shows in their behavior. â€Å"School, work, self-care, and interpersonal relationships are significantly impaired† (Sommer et al. 116). â€Å"They display bizarre behavior patterns characterized by strange body movements and odd facial expressions, use languages that is impossible to understand, or groom themselves in unusual ways† says Richard S.E. Keefe and Philip D. Harvey in the book Understanding Schizophrenia: A Guide to the New Research on Causes and Treatment(18). This disease is characterized by its symptoms and this disease has symptoms that are separated as being positive or negative. Positive symptoms are a manifestation of things that are not normally present, think of positive symptoms as extra characteristics which are the most easily identified symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, alterations in speech, bizarre behavior such as walking backward constantly (Sommer et al. 117). Negative symptoms are the absence of things that are normally present, think negative symptoms as â€Å"missing.† These symptoms are more difficult to understand. A schizophrenic person’s affect is usually blunted or flat, inability to speak or have thoughts; this person may sit with you but only mumble or respond vaguely to questions. There is a lack of energy, a lack of pleasure or joy, and lack of motivation in activities and hygiene (Sommer et al. 117). Problems with thinking make it very difficult for a person suffering with this disease to live independently. Disordered thinking, inability to make decisions, poor problem-solving ability, difficulty concentrating to perform tasks, memory deficits (long-term memory, working memory such as inability to follow directions to find an address) are examples of what make being independent and schizophrenic difficult (Sommer et al. 117). Emotional manifestations are hopelessness and suicidal ideation. Hope is the one of the most vital emotions we possess; it is a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen, it’s a wish, an aspiration, a daydream, an ambition. When you lose all hope, when you lose every daydream of a better life or a better day, when you lose all expectations or ambition, it can be devastating, you may ask yourself what is there left to live for. Hopelessness is deadly. Navigating the minefield that is Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is difficult in its own way because in this scenario you are dealing with someone who is hallucinating and/or having delusions. Hallucinations can take the form of hearing voices, seeing things, smelling odors, tasting things, or feeling bodily sensations that are not there. According to Sommer et al., â€Å"Delusions are false fixed beliefs that cannot be corrected by reasoning and are usually bizarre† (116). An example of a delusion would be a person believing that they are giving birth to a dinosaur. This person is not actually giving birth to a dinosaur, but to them, it is real. A Schizophrenic person who is suffering with hallucinations might hear voices or feel ants crawling on their skin. If you are faced with someone who is struggling with schizophrenia and experiencing hallucinations or delusions, do not argue and do not agree with them. This person suffering from hallucination or delusions believes they are just as real as a mentally healthy person believing that the sky is blue. To them, it is a rational and matter of fact thought. If they say they hear voices that are telling them to kill themselves you would say â€Å"I don’t hear anything, but that sounds scary† and try to provide safety to prevent them from causing harm to themselves or others. How do you keep this person safe? Seek professional help, call 911. Be genuine and empathetic in all communications with this person. Reorient them to reality and focus conversations on reality-based topics. One day, you may find yourself facing someone you care about who is suffering from the symptoms of Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder. You may find yourself wanting to help them, but not knowing where to start or what to say. Take a step back and remind yourself that this person communicates differently. Do they use words? Yes, but they are telling you something with their behavior as well. Observe the person before you, are they mumbling? Does it sound like they are talking to someone who is not there? Are they focused on you? Or are they focused on something else? Does it look like they are looking at someone or something that is not there? Do they seem panicked? Do they seem lethargic? Asking yourself questions like these will be helpful in determining how to communicate with a person diagnosed with a mental illness who is experiencing an episode. In any scenario, be available, listen, clarify, share observations, be genuine and be prepared for silence. If you find yourself perplexed by the issues that come with helping someone who is diagnosed with a mental illness you can reach out to various advocacy groups such as Mental Health America or the National Alliance on Mental Illness. Websites for mental health https://www.nami.org/ https://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/ https://www.nimh.nih.gov/index.shtml Keefe, Richard S. E., and Philip D. Harvey. Understanding Schizophrenia: A Guide to the New Research on Causes and Treatment. Free Press, 1994. Linton, Adrianne Dill. Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing. 6th ed., Elsevier Saunders, 2016. Miklowitz, David Jay. The Bipolar Disorder Survival Guide What You and Your Family Need to Know. Guilford Press, 2002. Mondimore, Francis Mark. Bipolar Disorder: A Guide for Patients and Families. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. Sommer, Sherry, et al. PN Mental Health Nursing. 9.0 ed., Assessment Technologies Institute, LLC., 2014.